She supported Austria against Prussia, whose expansionism the feared. [35] She regarded this as a doctrine which would in high degree repulse the Catholic church in the eyes of the Protestant world. Together with her husband, she travelled through Sweden and Norway, engaging in various public appearances to promote the monarchy. Josephine dari Leuchtenberg; Lukisan karya Axel Nordgren. She also expressed dislike of the annexation of the Papal States, and called 1870 a terrible year. Josephine was by referred to as pro-French and anti-Russian. Loncat ke navigasi Loncat ke pencarian. A Book about Queen Josefine of Sweden-Norway) Stockholm: Norlin Förlag AB. Their private conferences were witnessed by the curious court, who could sometimes observe them discussing the matter in the palace garden out of hearing range. In addition to French, she was fluent in German and Italian. The royal family was, according to Count Löwenhielm, pale and seriously worried when he visited them at the time. A Book about Queen Josefine of Sweden-Norway) Stockholm: Norlin Förlag AB. Despite her heartbreak, she continued to appear in public with her husband, and her dignity won the sympathies of the public. [24] Eventually, however, the riots were subdued with fire by the military. Upon the death of Gridaine in 1833, he was replaced by her own confessor Studach. After Oscar ascended to the throne, he discontinued extramarital affairs. As queen dowager, she lost all political influence and devoted herself to her charitable activities and her interest in the Catholic congregation and its issues. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Marie Anne Henriette Françoise de Pyvart de Chastullé, Lars Elgklou (1978). In 1853-54, Swedish Lutherans were given the permission to attend Catholic sermons.[26]. Jul 27, 2015 - Joséphine of Leuchtenberg or Joséphine de Beauharnais (Joséphine Maximilienne Eugénie Napoléone) (14 March 1807 – 7 June 1876) was Queen consort of Sweden and Norway as the wife of King Oscar I. At her arrival in Sweden, she formed a close relationship with Princess Sophia Albertine of Sweden, who introduced her to this work by engaging her in Välgörande Fruntimmerssällskapet (The Charitable Women's Society) for the support of poor women. C This article has been rated as C-Class on the project's quality scale. She is confirmed to have played an important part in the secret diplomacy of Oscar I, where she also promoted her younger son, Oscar, before her elder son Charles. A Book about Queen Josefine of Sweden-Norway) Stockholm: Norlin Förlag AB. She founded the Sällskapet de fattigas vänner ('Friends of the Poor Society') for poor widows in 1826; Sällskapet för uppmuntran av öm och sedlig modersvård ('Society for Tender and Proper Motherly care') for the support of poor mothers in 1827; Sällskapet för arbetsamhetens uppmuntran ('Society for Work Encouagement'), an employment agency for women in 1833; and Kronprinsessans slöjdskola för fattiga flickor ('The Crown Princess’ Handcrafts School for Poor Girls'). She did in fact use her influence for the benefit of the Catholics, and she cooperated with the Pope in this issue. No one has anything to reproach her for other than for her Catholic religion.”1 Joséphine got along exceptionally well with her father-in-law, which initially caused tension between her and the Queen, Désirée Clary. [7] The 21 August 1823, Charles XIV John declared that this day, the same date he had been elected Crown Prince, should be the name day for Josephine, and henceforth be celebrated as Josephine-Day. Her interest in art was active and genuine. The title was later inherited by both his sons. She had two brothers (Auguste and Maximilian) and three surviving sisters (Joséphine, Eugénie, and Amélie). (The Silver Throne. I began this website in 2013 because I wanted to share these women's amazing stories. The summers were spent at the family’s residence in the nearby city of Monza. Her childhood is described as happy. (Swedish) page 221, Robert Braun (1950). In the summer of 1876, Joséphine fell in with pneumonia and passed away on 7 June. Josephine was a social success in Sweden from the moment of her arrival, both as a private person in the circles of high society as well as a public person, and was to become more popular as Queen than her predecessor and successor. [31] [20] Oscar always supported her religious rights, regardless of their personal relationship. A Book about Queen Josefine of Sweden-Norway) Stockholm: Norlin Förlag AB. Silvertronen, En bok om drottning Josefine av Sverige-Norge. In her retinue, she brought with her Bertha Zück, who she made her treasurer, and her Catholic confessor Jacob Lorentz Studach: until their death, they enjoyed such a close relationship that they were referred to as "The Trio". Josephine of Leuchtenberg claim to fame: Queen consort of Sweden and Norway. In this list, a Princess of Denmark was the first alternative; a Princess of Leuchtenberg was the second; a Princess of Hesse was the third and a Princess of Weimar was the fourth. In Norway, there was opposition to the coronation of a Catholic; the official reason was […] She was known as Queen Josefina, […] [34] Queen Dowager Josephine was known for acting as nurse during illness in the family, and her relationship with Charles improved in his last years, when his health deteriorated and he became a Freemason and thereafter saw less differences in Catholicism and Protestantism. Silvertronen, En bok om drottning Josefine av Sverige-Norge. She was the first of six children of Eugène de Beauharnais, Duke of Leuchtenberg (1781 - 1824), and his wife, Princess Augusta of Bavaria (1788 - 1851). The relationship between Josephine and Oscar was initially described as a mutually happy one, and the couple shared their interests in culture, painting, writing and singing. Silvertronen, En bok om drottning Josefine av Sverige-Norge. Josephine, who was at the time working to introduce freedom of religion, asked Oscar to convince the minister of religion to postpone the investigation against the women. Silvertronen, En bok om drottning Josefine av Sverige-Norge. This was a crime according to the Konventikelplakatet and became a scandal. Joséphine of Leuchtenberg was born Joséphine Maximilienne Eugénie Napoléone on 14 March 1807 in Milan, Italy. English: Joséphine, Queen of Sweden and Norway (Joséphine Maximiliane Eugénie Napoléone de Beauharnais) (14 March, 1807 - 7 June, 1876) was the en:Queen consort of Oscar I of Sweden and Norway.She was known as Queen Josefina. Rebels on the streets demanded a Republic and tried to cause an armed rebellion. Her biological grandfather had been executed during the Reign of Terror in 1794, and her grandmother, Joséphine de Beauharnais, married Napoleon only two years later. (Swedish) page 282, Robert Braun (1950). She had a tense relationship with her eldest son. Silvertronen, En bok om drottning Josefine av Sverige-Norge. (The Silver Throne. We use cookies to ensure a personalised experience on our website. Granted, I have not heard this from court, but I believe it to be the truth. Numerous pieces of the family's jewelry are said to have come from Joséphine's collections. As for the children, she could not interfere in their religion, however, she did speak with them of religion: she and her confessor sorted out everything they could find mutual in Catholicism and Lutheranism, and about these things, she felt free to talk about with her children without interfering.[21]. Princess Joséphine married the Crown Prince by proxy at the Palais Leuchtenberg in Munich on 22 May 1823. Charles, who was anti-Catholic, worked against his mother's plans, and used the help of people such as the vicar Nils Johan Ekdahl, who belonged to the opponents of the Queen because of her religion and political influence. She was regarded as politically active during the reign of her spouse and acted as his political adviser, actively participating in government affairs. (The Silver Throne. Already as Crown Princess, she was able to play the representational part that her mother-in-law was not able to fulfill, and she played a great role in making the new dynasty popular in Sweden. Silvertronen, En bok om drottning Josefine av Sverige-Norge. She greatly influenced the interior of the Royal Palace in Christiania, which was completed in 1849, took an interest in Norwegian art and often visited art exhibitions in Christiania. In 1844, the King died, and Joséphine was crowned Queen of Sweden and Norway on 28 September. The History – or histories – of a family) Stockholm: Askild & Kärnekull Förlag AB. A Book about Queen Josefine of Sweden-Norway) Stockholm: Norlin Förlag AB. She was also Princess of Bologna from birth and Duchess of Galliera from 1813. The year of 1852 has been described as hard for her: in the company of her spouse, daughter and son Gustav, she visited her mother on her death bed in Bavaria. A Book about Queen Josefine of Sweden-Norway) Stockholm: Norlin Förlag AB. Biography of Josephine of Leuchtenberg (excerpt) Joséphine of Leuchtenberg (Joséphine Maximilienne Eugénie Napoléone) (14 March 1807 – 7 June 1876) was Queen consort of Sweden and Norway as the wife of King Oscar I. There had been some opposition: the religious debate was more heated in the 1840s than it had been in 1829, when Queen Desideria had been crowned, but Oscar solved the matter by declaring that he would not be crowned himself if she was not. Photograph of Josephine of Leuchtenberg as Queen Dowager (1874) Joséphine of Leuchtenberg ( Joséphine Maximilienne Eugénie Napoléone ) (14 March 1807 – 7 June 1876) was Queen consort of Sweden and Norway as the wife of King Oscar I . (Swedish) page 135, Robert Braun (1950). The family spent their summers at Eichstätt and their winters in Munich with Augusta's family. Holy Synod to meet this summer to discuss Yekaterinburg remains. Joséphine of Leuchtenberg or Joséphine de Beauharnais (Joséphine Maximilienne Eugénie Napoléone) (14 March 1807 – 7 June 1876) was Queen consort of Sweden and Norway as the wife of King Oscar I.She was known as Queen Josefina, and was regarded to be politically active during the reign of her spouse.She acted as his political adviser and actively participated in state affairs. In 1843, she visited her mother in Munich. This article was written by Sophie Strid. * Marie of Hesse-Cassel (born September 6, 1804), daughter of Wilhelm II, Elector of Hesse and Augusta of Prussia (ultimately she married Bernard II of Saxe-Meiningen) Silvertronen, En bok om drottning Josefine av Sverige-Norge. A Book about Queen Josefine of Sweden-Norway) Stockholm: Norlin Förlag AB. Mathilda d'Orozco described this view in a contemporary letter where she defended the queen against it: "She is pushing the King, it is said, the poor thing, to make him greet people, when they are out. King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, the nation's reigning monarch, is a direct descendant of Empress Joséphine through her son, the Duke of Leuchtenberg. A Book about Queen Josefine of Sweden-Norway) Stockholm: Norlin Förlag AB. She was 69. The 22 May 1875 she reached Rome after Berlin, Munich and Innsbruck, and received the King of Italy and was guided by him through town. The second wedding ceremony took place six days later. A Book about Queen Josefine of Sweden-Norway) Stockholm: Norlin Förlag AB. In 1844, a Swede married a Catholic woman and converted, and her confessor Studach was accused of having converted a Swede to Catholicism. Short Biography. A little later, Joséphine and her siblings joined their mother in the fortress at Mantua in a procession of carriages with their courtiers. This caused rumors that she was afraid to lose her political position. Her religion combined with her reputed political activity caused rumours that she exerted undue influence in regards to religious issues. Napoleon III was Amélie's first cousin. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. 1. Charles had been deeply in love with her maid of honor Sigrid Sparre. In 1814, Augusta joined her father at his military headquarters at Mantua, where she gave birth to Théodolinde de Beauharnais, Joséphine's youngest sister. Is Josephine of Leuchtenberg still alive? It was also not a temporary affair, but a serious relationship, which began in 1836 and resulted in two sons: Max in 1839 and Hjalmar in 1840. (Swedish) page 192, Robert Braun (1950). The couple reportedly developed a mutual attraction and fell in love when they saw each other, and therefore, the marriage was accepted by both families and duly arranged. The Oscarshall Palace was reportedly mostly inspired by her. A Book about Queen Josefine of Sweden-Norway) Stockholm: Norlin Förlag AB. Because of this, Oscar refused to be crowned in Norway as well. The situation in Norway was similar. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! (The Silver Throne. On the way, she visited Paris and saw the King and Queen of Spain in Escorial. (Swedish) page 195, Robert Braun (1950). 16 September 1837, the Sankta Eugenia Church in Stockholm was founded in her presence, the effort of her and Studach’s work: this was the first Catholic church in Scandinavia since the Reformation, and became the first apostolic vicariate in Scandanvia: Norway was incorporated in 1841. After several years of suffering from poor health, Oscar passed away in 1859 and Joséphine became Queen Dowager. Silvertronen, En bok om drottning Josefine av Sverige-Norge. [33] Her relationship with Queen Louise has been described as very good. [13] Her husband's relationship with the famed actress Emilie Högquist was well known. She reportedly appreciated the Norwegian nature as it reminded her of Bavaria. The oldest of seven children, Joséphine spent the first years of her childhood in Milan, where the family lived at Villa Bonaparte. Her main focus was the support of poor women and children. Joséphine could speak French, German and Italian and studied history and geography with Professor Le Sage; botany and natural science with Professor Martinus; mathematics, physics and astronomy with Professor Siebers. Oscar became unpopular because of it, and King Charles XIV John reprimanded him for it out of sympathy for Josephine's suffering. The illness of the monarch made it necessary for a regency, and crown prince Charles was seen as the obvious choice. (The Silver Throne. Not interested? No one has anything to reproach her for other than for her Catholic religion."[6]. Josephine had separated Charles and Sparre by expelling Sparre from court in 1848, though she did not manage to save the marriage alliance with Prussia. The rumors claimed that the reason was that she was aware of the fact that Charles would never allow her any influence on the affairs of state. At this point, the King was too weak to wave, but Josephine did in fact hold and moved his hand in a wave. She attended mass there herself on Sundays. On 23 August 1822, Crown Prince Oskar came on a visit to Eichstätt in … She had a long history of contact with the Pope regarding her Catholic work in Scandinavia, and the Pope had in 1852 contemplated awarding her the Golden Rose, but refrained because he was afraid that this would be ill perceived in a Protestant country. In 1875, she visited Pope Pius IX in Rome, a pilgrimage she had long wished to make. Silvertronen, En bok om drottning Josefine av Sverige-Norge. [27] In 1856, Oscar expressed himself in favor of freedom of religion. In the summer of 1824, the Crown Prince and Crown Princess visited Christiania in Norway, where they engaged in many public appearances to make the monarchy popular. Joséphine of Leuchtenberg or Joséphine de Beauharnais (Joséphine Maximilienne Eugénie Napoléone de Beauharnais; 14 March 1807 – 7 June 1876) was Queen of Sweden and Norway as the wife of King Oscar I. The Year of the Duchess of Windsor (2021), Burial places of the Queens and Consorts of England, Burial places of the Queens Consort of France, Burial places of the Queens and Consorts of Portugal, Burial Places of the Queens and Consorts of Spain, Carolina of Orange-Nassau – Ancestress of the Royal Houses of Europe, Queen Wilhelmina – A collection of articles. She is acknowledged as having introduced more liberal laws regarding religion. Tell us "why you have a crush on her" Refresh this page to see the "Crushers" increase after you "Like" or vote. Désirée Clary Diary of a Princess – Joséphine of Leuchtenberg March 27, 2018 Moniek 0. The King treated her with great affection and, for example, used to hide sweets in his pockets, which she searched through and, at one occasion, found a jewel hidden in a sweet. Subscribe to our free weekly newsletter and join our 5,646 subscribers to stay up to date on History of Royal Women's articles! Josephine (1807-1876), in Swedish Josefina, was a Princess of Leuchtenberg and by marriage became Queen of Sweden and Norway. This had happened during the same time when negotiations were being conducted to marry Charles to Louise of Prussia in 1846. Queen Josephine died in Stockholm in 1876 at the age of sixty-nine and received a Catholic burial. (Swedish) page 90, Robert Braun (1950). (Swedish) 276, Robert Braun (1950). Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. [23] In parallel, she assured the Queen and King of Prussia of her personal regard and offered them a safe haven if they should ever be forced out of Prussia. With the exception of suspicion in the religious question, however, Josephine's involvement in politics does not appear to have been ill-regarded, but rather she was considered as a good influence. A Book about Queen Josefine of Sweden-Norway) Stockholm: Norlin Förlag AB. Simply click 'close' in the top right corner to continue reading! The family spent their days in Villa Bonaparte in Milan and at their summer residence in Monza outside Milan. She was reportedly very moved, and her own words in a letter are often quoted: "This was a day of a half a century, that I shall never forget until my dying day: my heart will always keep it in fond memory... at last, my dearest friend, have I with movement witnessed, how Protestant Sweden so unanimously celebrated a Catholic Queen. [28] However, in 1857, Oscar became ill and incapacitated, and Crown Prince Charles became regent. Hon var gift med kung Oscar I.. Josefina var äldsta dotter i syskonskaran, prinsessa av Bologna från födelsen och från 1813 hertiginna av Galliera i egen rätt. Robert Braun (1950). Her father was Eugène de Beauharnais, the son of Empress Joséphine (Napoleon Bonaparte‘s first wife) from her first marriage to Alexandre, Vicomte de Beauharnais, who had been guillotined during the French Revolution.. [10] Oscar was to resume his contact with Jaquette Löwenhielm after the wedding, though Josephine is initially not believed to have been aware of this: however, in 1826, she gave the first signs of being aware of his affairs in her diary, and in 1828, she wrote of painful suspicions of adultery and also that it pained her to be constantly pregnant. Press "agree" if you are okay with this. Josephine supported the first post-reformation Catholic Churches in Gothenburg, Sweden in 1862 and in Bergen, Norway in 1866. However, Oscar was known for his extramarital affairs, a fact that deeply tormented Josephine, who suffered from jealousy. (Swedish), Natalie, Baroness Vladimir Meller-Zakomelsky**, Marie, Countess Nikolai Mengden-Altenwoga**, Maria Magdalen, Mrs. Joseph de Pasquale**, This page was last edited on 9 March 2021, at 10:31. . (The Silver Throne. Josephine of Leuchtenberg : biography 14 March 1807 – 7 June 1876 Photograph of Josephine of Leuchtenberg as queen dowager (1874) Joséphine of Leuchtenberg (Joséphine Maximilienne Eugénie Napoléone) (14 March 1807 – 7 June 1876) was Queen consort of Sweden and Norway as the wife of King Oscar I. She was known as Queen Josefina, and was regarded to be politically active during the reign of her spouse. Josephine of Leuchtenberg Josephine of Leuchtenberg. In 1870, Josephine expressed how deeply she felt against the introduction of the new Catholic doctrine of the infallibility of the Pope. Her relationship to her father-in-law was very warm. They also conducted a wedding ceremony in person on 19 June 1823 in Stockholm, Sweden. Josephine also disliked Charles for being impulsive, economically irresponsible and morally loose. In 1813, her father Eugène turned down the offer from his father-in-law to join the forces against Napoleon. Now living in Germany, the Leuchtenberg family spent their summers at Eichstädt and their winters in Munich. Her parents were French general Eugène de Beauharnais and Princess Augusta of Bavaria. Născută la Milano, Italia, a fost fiica lui Eugène de Beauharnais, primul Duce de Leuchtenberg și a soției lui Prințesa Augusta de Bavaria.La naștere a primit titlul de Prințesă de Bologna iar mai târziu Ducesă de Galliera. Josephine had five children with Oscar; four sons and one daughter: Josephine's Coat of Arms as Queen of Sweden and Norway, Generations are numbered from the daughters-in-law of, Marriage to the Crown Prince of Sweden and Norway, Robert Braun (1950). During the European Revolutions of 1848, riots broke out in Stockholm 19 March 1848, called Marsoroligheterna, and continued for four days. Already as a Crown Princess, she received petitioners asking for help twice a week, and her activity expanded over the years. No, she died on 06/07/1876, 144 years ago. She founded Stiftelsen Konung Oscar I:s minne (The Foundation of the Memory of Oscar I), a home and asylum for poor married women in 1873 and Stiftelsen Josephinahemmet (The Josephine Home Foundation) a home for poor Catholics in 1873: both these institutions were managed by the nuns of the German Order of Saint Elisabeth. She thus lost all of her political influence and spent the following years committed to philanthropy and travelled across Europe to visit relatives. Josephine reportedly asked Oscar not to fire at the crowds during the riots. Granted, I have not heard this from court, but I believe it to be the truth. [2] Charles XIV John had chosen Josephine of Leuchtenberg as candidate number two, because she had connections both to the old dynasties of Europe through her mother, and to the House of Bonaparte through her father, and thus, she "joined the new interests with the old", as he expressed the matter.[3]. (Swedish) page 93, Robert Braun (1950). A Book about Queen Josefine of Sweden-Norway) Stockholm: Norlin Förlag AB. Through her mother (her maternal line of Hesse and upward through Hanau and Ansbach, Baden-Durlach and Kleeburg), Joséphine was a descendant of Gustav I of Sweden and Charles IX of Sweden, making her children descendants of Gustav Vasa. As Crown Princess, she financially supported artist Sophie Adlersparre. The degree of her political influence during the reign of Oscar is debated. Her father was a Italian general. One set, the family's parure of cameo jewels, is often specifically said to have been worn by Joséphine. Upon her arrival, she found the Catholic congregation in Stockholm to be neglected. A Book about Queen Josefine of Sweden-Norway) Stockholm: Norlin Förlag AB. At the time Josephine became queen, Fredrika Bremer wrote of her, that she: "... prefers to act out of her own pulse and will. In her library, there were works about early Christian socialism, which appear to have been thoroughly read. This is so hard, so ungrateful...."[32] In the autumn of 1857, she was forced to accept the appointment of Charles as regent. In 1872, Charles XV died, and Josephine's younger son Oscar II succeeded to the throne. (The Silver Throne. In 1853, there was a case where six Swedish women were reported to have converted to the Catholic faith. Joséphine of Leuchtenberg or Joséphine de Beauharnais (Joséphine Maximilienne Eugénie Napoléone de Beauharnais; 14 March 1807 – 7 June 1876) was Queen of Sweden and Norway as the wife of King Oscar I, as well as Princess of Bologna from birth and Duchess of Galliera from 1813. (Swedish) page 161, Robert Braun (1950). Josephine kept informed about the political events, though she could no longer affect them. She had brought with her several pieces of exclusive jewelry made in Paris for her paternal grandmother, which are still among the possessions of the Royal Houses of Sweden, Denmark and Norway (via Louise and Märtha of Sweden). (The Silver Throne. She was known as Queen Josefina, and was regarded as a politically active consort. (Swedish) 283, Robert Braun (1950). Oscar had been given the task of temporary Viceroy during his visit, and Josephine was present at a box when he appeared before the Storting. Josephine was escorted to Sweden by a temporary lady-in-waiting, countess Aurora Wilhelmina Brahe, but once arrived, countess Elisabet Charlotta Piper and, from 1836, Charlotta Skjöldebrand served as her Överhovmästarinna or senior lady-in-waiting. The oldest of seven children, Joséphine spent the first years of her childhood in Milan, where the family lived at Villa Bonaparte. Silvertronen, En bok om drottning Josefine av Sverige-Norge. Silvertronen, En bok om drottning Josefine av Sverige-Norge. [9] Oscar and Josephine had five children, of whom two were to become kings of Sweden and Norway. Joséphine of Leuchtenberg was born Joséphine Maximilienne Eugénie Napoléone on 14 March 1807 in Milan, Italy. Charles XV considered her too old fashioned and formal and their views were seldom shared. Among Amélie's siblings were Josephine of Leuchtenberg, queen consort of King Oscar I of Sweden, and Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg, prince consort of Queen Maria II of Portugal (stepdaughter of Amélie). The bride-to-be began taking Swedish lessons, and although she was a devout Catholic, she agreed to raise her future children according to the Lutheran religion. Prinzessin Josephine von Leuchtenberg (* 14.März 1807 als Joséphine Maximilienne Eugénie Napoléone de Beauharnais in Mailand; † 7. Property Value; dbo:abstract Joséphine de Beauharnais (Joséphine Maximilienne Eugénie Napoléone * 14. On 13 June 1873, Josephine celebrated what has been called the second biggest celebration of her life, when she received the public's adoration during the celebration of her fifty years in Sweden. [1] Her maternal grandfather was King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria. In 1814, when Joséphine was only seven years old, Napoleon was forced to abdicate as a result of the Treaty of Fontainebleau. I am very happy."[41]. During the war, she informed her aunt that Sweden had decided to assist Denmark against Prussia to defend its independence, and that she hoped that Prussia would be willing to engage in peace negotiations. The royal couple had a seemingly happy relationship as they became parents to a total of five children, but Oscar’s extramarital affairs throughout their marriage deeply affected Joséphine. (Swedish) page 246, Robert Braun (1950). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Josephine took a great interest in Catholicism in Sweden and Norway. The title was first created in 1812 by Napoleon I for Josephine of Leuchtenberg, daughter of Eugène de Beauharnais (and granddaughter of Napoleon's first wife, Josephine). Candidate number one, Princess Vilhelmine Marie of Denmark, did not succeed in catching the Prince’s interest. Her father was given the title Duke of Leuchtenberg and the former principality of Eichstätt in Bavaria as a fief.